diff --git a/configforge/exceptions.py b/configforge/exceptions.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9ac4970
--- /dev/null
+++ b/configforge/exceptions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+"""Custom exceptions for ConfigForge."""
+
+from typing import Any, Dict, Optional
+
+
+class ConfigForgeError(Exception):
+    """Base exception for ConfigForge errors."""
+
+    def __init__(self, message: str, details: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None):
+        super().__init__(message)
+        self.message = message
+        self.details = details if details is not None else {}
+
+
+class InvalidConfigFormatError(ConfigForgeError):
+    """Raised when a configuration file has an invalid format."""
+    pass
+
+
+class SchemaValidationError(ConfigForgeError):
+    """Raised when schema validation fails."""
+    def __init__(self, message: str, path: str = "", line: Optional[int] = None, details: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None):
+        super().__init__(message, details)
+        self.path = path if path else ""
+        self.line = line
+
+
+class ConversionError(ConfigForgeError):
+    """Raised when file format conversion fails."""
+    pass
+
+
+class FileOperationError(ConfigForgeError):
+    """Raised when file I/O operations fail."""
+    def __init__(self, message: str, filepath: str = "", details: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None):
+        super().__init__(message, details)
+        self.filepath = filepath if filepath else ""
+
+
+class SchemaGenerationError(ConfigForgeError):
+    """Raised when schema generation fails."""
+    pass